Section 1 — User commands

658 pages.

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[ (1)check file types and compare values24 opts

A

apropos (1)search the manual page names and descriptions15 opts apt-transport-http (1)APT transport for downloading via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)apt-transport-https (1)APT transport for downloading via the HTTP Secure protocol (HTTPS)apt-transport-mirror (1)APT transport for more automated mirror selection arch (1)print machine hardware name (same as uname -m)2 opts asn1parse (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts at (1)queue, examine, or delete jobs for later execution14 opts atq (1)queue, examine, or delete jobs for later execution14 opts atrm (1)queue, examine, or delete jobs for later execution14 opts

B

b2sum (1)compute and check BLAKE2 message digest13 opts base32 (1)base32 encode/decode data and print to standard output5 opts base64 (1)base64 encode/decode data and print to standard output5 opts basename (1)strip directory and suffix from filenames5 opts basenc (1)Encode/decode data and print to standard output13 opts bash (1)GNU Bourne-Again SHell101 opts bashbug (1)report a bug in bash2 opts batch (1)queue, examine, or delete jobs for later execution14 opts bc (1)An arbitrary precision calculator language7 opts bunzip2 (1)a block-sorting file compressor, v1.0.8 bzcat - decompresses files to stdout bzip2recover - recovers data from damaged bzip2 files13 opts busctl (1)Introspect the bus31 opts bzcat (1)a block-sorting file compressor, v1.0.8 bzcat - decompresses files to stdout bzip2recover - recovers data from damaged bzip2 files13 opts bzcmp (1)compare bzip2 compressed files bzdiff (1)compare bzip2 compressed files bzegrep (1)search possibly bzip2 compressed files for a regular expression bzexe (1)compress executable files in place1 opts bzfgrep (1)search possibly bzip2 compressed files for a regular expression bzgrep (1)search possibly bzip2 compressed files for a regular expression bzip2 (1)a block-sorting file compressor, v1.0.8 bzcat - decompresses files to stdout bzip2recover - recovers data from damaged bzip2 files13 opts bzip2recover (1)a block-sorting file compressor, v1.0.8 bzcat - decompresses files to stdout bzip2recover - recovers data from damaged bzip2 files13 opts bzless (1)file perusal filter for crt viewing of bzip2 compressed text bzmore (1)file perusal filter for crt viewing of bzip2 compressed text

C

c_rehash (1ssl)Create symbolic links to files named by the hash values9 opts ca (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts CA.pl (1ssl)friendlier interface for OpenSSL certificate programs13 opts captoinfo (1)convert a termcap description into a terminfo description cat (1)concatenate files and print on the standard output12 opts chage (1)change user password expiry information11 opts chcon (1)change file security context16 opts chfn (1)change real user name and information7 opts chgrp (1)change group ownership15 opts chmod (1)change file mode bits14 opts choom (1)display and adjust OOM-killer score. choom -p PID choom -p PID -n number choom -n number [--] command [argument ...]4 opts chown (1)change file owner and group15 opts chrt (1)manipulate the real-time attributes of a process16 opts chsh (1)change login shell3 opts ciphers (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts cksum (1)compute and verify file checksums16 opts clear (1)clear the terminal screen3 opts clear_console (1)clear the console cmp (1)compare two files byte by byte8 opts cmp (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts cms (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts col (1)filter reverse line feeds from input8 opts colcrt (1)filter nroff output for CRT previewing4 opts colrm (1)remove columns from a file2 opts column (1)columnate lists26 opts comm (1)compare two sorted files line by line10 opts cp (1)copy files and directories36 opts crl (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts crl2pkcs7 (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts crontab (1)maintain crontab files for individual users (Vixie Cron)7 opts csplit (1)split a file into sections determined by context lines9 opts curl (1)transfer a URL269 opts cut (1)remove sections from each line of files12 opts cvtsudoers (1)convert between sudoers file formats3 opts

D

dash (1)command interpreter (shell)56 opts date (1)print or set the system date and time12 opts dd (1)convert and copy a file2 opts delv (1)DNS lookup and validation utility14 opts df (1)report file system space usage18 opts dgst (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts dhparam (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts diff (1)compare files line by line50 opts diff3 (1)compare three files line by line15 opts dig (1)DNS lookup utility16 opts dir (1)list directory contents60 opts dircolors (1)color setup for ls6 opts dirname (1)strip last component from file name3 opts dmesg (1)print or control the kernel ring buffer32 opts dnstap-read (1)print dnstap data in human-readable form5 opts dpkg (1)package manager for Debian62 opts dpkg-deb (1)Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool24 opts dpkg-divert (1)override a package's version of a file16 opts dpkg-maintscript-helper (1)works around known dpkg limitations in maintainer scripts dpkg-query (1)a tool to query the dpkg database14 opts dpkg-realpath (1)print the resolved pathname with DPKG_ROOT support5 opts dpkg-split (1)Debian package archive split/join tool13 opts dpkg-statoverride (1)override ownership and mode of files14 opts dpkg-trigger (1)a package trigger utility9 opts dsa (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts dsaparam (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts du (1)estimate file space usage29 opts

E

ec (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts echo (1)display a line of text5 opts ecparam (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts egrep (1)print lines that match patterns47 opts enc (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts engine (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts env (1)run a program in a modified environment13 opts errstr (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts expand (1)convert tabs to spaces5 opts expiry (1)check and enforce password expiration policy3 opts expr (1)evaluate expressions2 opts

F

factor (1)factor numbers3 opts fallocate (1)preallocate or deallocate space to a file12 opts false (1)do nothing, unsuccessfully2 opts fgrep (1)print lines that match patterns47 opts file (1)determine file type7 opts find (1)search for files in a directory hierarchy94 opts flock (1)manage locks from shell scripts13 opts fmt (1)simple optimal text formatter9 opts fold (1)wrap each input line to fit in specified width5 opts free (1)Display amount of free and used memory in the system22 opts funzip (1)filter for extracting from a ZIP archive in a pipe fuser (1)identify processes using files or sockets18 opts

G

gawk (1)pattern scanning and processing language28 opts gawkbug (1)report a bug in gawk gcore (1)Generate core files for running processes2 opts gendsa (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts genpkey (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts genrsa (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts getent (1)get entries from Name Service Switch libraries10 opts getopt (1)parse command options (enhanced)11 opts git (1)the stupid content tracker25 opts git-add (1)Add file contents to the index19 opts git-am (1)Apply a series of patches from a mailbox29 opts git-annotate (1)Annotate file lines with commit information22 opts git-apply (1)Apply a patch to files and/or to the index30 opts git-archive (1)Create an archive of files from a named tree11 opts git-bisect (1)Use binary search to find the commit that introduced a bug2 opts git-blame (1)Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file30 opts git-branch (1)List, create, or delete branches35 opts git-bugreport (1)Collect information for user to file a bug report3 opts git-bundle (1)Move objects and refs by archive3 opts git-cat-file (1)Provide contents or details of repository objects17 opts git-check-attr (1)Display gitattributes information5 opts git-check-ignore (1)Debug gitignore / exclude files6 opts git-check-mailmap (1)Show canonical names and email addresses of contacts3 opts git-check-ref-format (1)Ensures that a reference name is well formed2 opts git-checkout (1)Switch branches or restore working tree files22 opts git-checkout-index (1)Copy files from the index to the working tree11 opts git-cherry (1)Find commits yet to be applied to upstream1 opts git-cherry-pick (1)Apply the changes introduced by some existing commits20 opts git-clean (1)Remove untracked files from the working tree8 opts git-clone (1)Clone a repository into a new directory29 opts git-column (1)Display data in columns7 opts git-commit (1)Record changes to the repository38 opts git-commit-graph (1)Write and verify Git commit-graph files1 opts git-commit-tree (1)Create a new commit object4 opts git-config (1)Get and set repository or global options34 opts git-count-objects (1)Count unpacked number of objects and their disk consumption2 opts git-credential (1)Retrieve and store user credentials git-credential-cache (1)Helper to temporarily store passwords in memory2 opts git-credential-cache--daemon (1)Temporarily store user credentials in memory1 opts git-credential-store (1)Helper to store credentials on disk1 opts git-daemon (1)A really simple server for Git repositories22 opts git-describe (1)Give an object a human readable name based on an available ref13 opts git-diagnose (1)Generate a zip archive of diagnostic information3 opts git-diff (1)Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc81 opts git-diff-files (1)Compares files in the working tree and the index82 opts git-diff-index (1)Compare a tree to the working tree or index82 opts git-diff-tree (1)Compares the content and mode of blobs found via two tree objects103 opts git-difftool (1)Show changes using common diff tools9 opts git-fast-export (1)Git data exporter17 opts git-fast-import (1)Backend for fast Git data importers16 opts git-fetch (1)Download objects and refs from another repository39 opts git-fetch-pack (1)Receive missing objects from another repository16 opts git-filter-branch (1)Rewrite branches14 opts git-fmt-merge-msg (1)Produce a merge commit message5 opts git-for-each-ref (1)Output information on each ref15 opts git-for-each-repo (1)Run a Git command on a list of repositories2 opts git-format-patch (1)Prepare patches for e-mail submission88 opts git-fsck (1)Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database11 opts git-fsck-objects (1)Verifies the connectivity and validity of the objects in the database git-fsmonitor--daemon (1)A Built-in Filesystem Monitor git-gc (1)Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository8 opts git-get-tar-commit-id (1)Extract commit ID from an archive created using git-archive git-grep (1)Print lines matching a pattern43 opts git-hash-object (1)Compute object ID and optionally create an object from a file7 opts git-help (1)Display help information about Git11 opts git-hook (1)Run git hooks2 opts git-http-backend (1)Server side implementation of Git over HTTP git-http-fetch (1)Download from a remote Git repository via HTTP7 opts git-http-push (1)Push objects over HTTP/DAV to another repository5 opts git-imap-send (1)Send a collection of patches from stdin to an IMAP folder4 opts git-index-pack (1)Build pack index file for an existing packed archive15 opts git-init (1)Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one8 opts git-init-db (1)Creates an empty Git repository git-instaweb (1)Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb5 opts git-interpret-trailers (1)Add or parse structured information in commit messages11 opts git-log (1)Show commit logs169 opts git-ls-files (1)Show information about files in the index and the working tree29 opts git-ls-remote (1)List references in a remote repository9 opts git-ls-tree (1)List the contents of a tree object11 opts git-mailinfo (1)Extracts patch and authorship from a single e-mail message9 opts git-mailsplit (1)Simple UNIX mbox splitter program6 opts git-maintenance (1)Run tasks to optimize Git repository data5 opts git-merge (1)Join two or more development histories together26 opts git-merge-base (1)Find as good common ancestors as possible for a merge5 opts git-merge-file (1)Run a three-way file merge8 opts git-merge-index (1)Run a merge for files needing merging3 opts git-merge-one-file (1)The standard helper program to use with git-merge-index git-merge-tree (1)Perform merge without touching index or working tree5 opts git-mergetool (1)Run merge conflict resolution tools to resolve merge conflicts7 opts git-mergetool--lib (1)Common Git merge tool shell scriptlets git-mktag (1)Creates a tag object with extra validation1 opts git-mktree (1)Build a tree-object from ls-tree formatted text3 opts git-multi-pack-index (1)Write and verify multi-pack-indexes5 opts git-mv (1)Move or rename a file, a directory, or a symlink4 opts git-name-rev (1)Find symbolic names for given revs8 opts git-notes (1)Add or inspect object notes16 opts git-pack-objects (1)Create a packed archive of objects37 opts git-pack-redundant (1)Find redundant pack files3 opts git-pack-refs (1)Pack heads and tags for efficient repository access5 opts git-patch-id (1)Compute unique ID for a patch3 opts git-prune (1)Prune all unreachable objects from the object database4 opts git-prune-packed (1)Remove extra objects that are already in pack files2 opts git-pull (1)Fetch from and integrate with another repository or a local branch48 opts git-push (1)Update remote refs along with associated objects21 opts git-quiltimport (1)Applies a quilt patchset onto the current branch5 opts git-range-diff (1)Compare two commit ranges (e.g. two versions of a branch)4 opts git-read-tree (1)Reads tree information into the index13 opts git-rebase (1)Reapply commits on top of another base tip40 opts git-receive-pack (1)Receive what is pushed into the repository1 opts git-reflog (1)Manage reflog information9 opts git-refs (1)Low-level access to refs4 opts git-remote (1)Manage set of tracked repositories1 opts git-remote-ext (1)Bridge smart transport to external command.git-remote-fd (1)Reflect smart transport stream back to caller git-repack (1)Pack unpacked objects in a repository26 opts git-replace (1)Create, list, delete refs to replace objects8 opts git-replay (1)EXPERIMENTAL: Replay commits on a new base, works with bare repos too77 opts git-request-pull (1)Generates a summary of pending changes1 opts git-rerere (1)Reuse recorded resolution of conflicted merges git-reset (1)Reset current HEAD to the specified state9 opts git-restore (1)Restore working tree files14 opts git-rev-list (1)Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order97 opts git-rev-parse (1)Pick out and massage parameters46 opts git-revert (1)Revert some existing commits15 opts git-rm (1)Remove files from the working tree and from the index9 opts git-send-pack (1)Push objects over Git protocol to another repository11 opts git-sh-i18n (1)Git's i18n setup code for shell scripts git-sh-i18n--envsubst (1)Git's own envsubst(1) for i18n fallbacks git-sh-setup (1)Common Git shell script setup code git-shell (1)Restricted login shell for Git-only SSH access git-shortlog (1)Summarize 'git log' output59 opts git-show (1)Show various types of objects97 opts git-show-branch (1)Show branches and their commits16 opts git-show-index (1)Show packed archive index1 opts git-show-ref (1)List references in a local repository9 opts git-sparse-checkout (1)Reduce your working tree to a subset of tracked files git-stage (1)Add file contents to the staging area git-stash (1)Stash the changes in a dirty working directory away10 opts git-status (1)Show the working tree status14 opts git-stripspace (1)Remove unnecessary whitespace2 opts git-submodule (1)Initialize, update or inspect submodules20 opts git-subtree (1)Merge subtrees together and split repository into subtrees10 opts git-switch (1)Switch branches15 opts git-symbolic-ref (1)Read, modify and delete symbolic refs5 opts git-tag (1)Create, list, delete or verify a tag object signed with GPG26 opts git-unpack-file (1)Creates a temporary file with a blob's contents git-unpack-objects (1)Unpack objects from a packed archive5 opts git-update-index (1)Register file contents in the working tree to the index26 opts git-update-ref (1)Update the object name stored in a ref safely git-update-server-info (1)Update auxiliary info file to help dumb servers1 opts git-upload-archive (1)Send archive back to git-archive git-upload-pack (1)Send objects packed back to git-fetch-pack3 opts git-var (1)Show a Git logical variable1 opts git-verify-commit (1)Check the GPG signature of commits2 opts git-verify-pack (1)Validate packed Git archive files2 opts git-verify-tag (1)Check the GPG signature of tags2 opts git-version (1)Display version information about Git1 opts git-web--browse (1)Git helper script to launch a web browser3 opts git-whatchanged (1)Show logs with differences each commit introduces git-worktree (1)Manage multiple working trees12 opts git-write-tree (1)Create a tree object from the current index2 opts gitweb (1)Git web interface (web frontend to Git repositories)gmake (1)GNU Make utility to maintain groups of programs33 opts gpasswd (1)administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow6 opts grep (1)print lines that match patterns47 opts groups (1)print the groups a user is in2 opts gunzip (1)compress or expand files19 opts gzexe (1)compress executable files in place1 opts gzip (1)compress or expand files19 opts

H

hardlink (1)link multiple copies of a file29 opts hd (1)display file contents in hexadecimal, decimal, octal, or ascii15 opts head (1)output the first part of files7 opts helpztags (1)generate the help tags file for directory hexdump (1)display file contents in hexadecimal, decimal, octal, or ascii15 opts hostid (1)print the numeric identifier for the current host2 opts hostnamectl (1)Control the system hostname8 opts htop (1)interactive process viewer13 opts

I

iconv (1)convert text from one character encoding to another16 opts id (1)print real and effective user and group IDs10 opts inetutils-telnet (1)user interface to the TELNET protocol18 opts info (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts infocmp (1)compare or print out terminfo descriptions31 opts infotocap (1)convert a terminfo description into a termcap description install (1)copy files and set attributes22 opts intro (1)introduction to user commands ionice (1)set or get process I/O scheduling class and priority5 opts ipcmk (1)make various IPC resources10 opts ipcrm (1)remove certain IPC resources12 opts ipcs (1)show information on IPC facilities14 opts ischroot (1)detect if running in a chroot4 opts

J

join (1)join lines of two files on a common field15 opts journalctl (1)Print log entries from the systemd journal62 opts

K

kdf (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts kill (1)send a signal to a process5 opts killall (1)kill processes by name16 opts

L

ldd (1)print shared object dependencies10 opts less (1)display the contents of a file in a terminal86 opts lessecho (1)expand metacharacters9 opts lessfile (1)"input preprocessor" for less.lesskey (1)customize key bindings for less lesspipe (1)"input preprocessor" for less.lexgrog (1)parse header information in man pages9 opts lft.db (1)print the route packets trace to network host33 opts link (1)call the link function to create a link to a file2 opts ln (1)make links between files16 opts locale (1)get locale-specific information14 opts localectl (1)Control the system locale and keyboard layout settings8 opts localedef (1)compile locale definition files25 opts login (1)begin session on the system6 opts loginctl (1)Control the systemd login manager17 opts logname (1)print user´s login name2 opts look (1)display lines beginning with a given string6 opts ls (1)list directory contents60 opts lscpu (1)display information about the CPU architecture14 opts lsipc (1)show information on IPC facilities currently employed in the system25 opts lslogins (1)display information about known users in the system26 opts lsmem (1)list the ranges of available memory with their online status13 opts ltrace (1)A library call tracer30 opts lzmainfo (1)show information stored in the .lzma file header

M

mac (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts make (1)GNU Make utility to maintain groups of programs33 opts make-first-existing-target (1)runs make on one of several targets1 opts man (1)an interface to the system reference manuals40 opts man-recode (1)convert manual pages to another encoding7 opts manconv (1)convert manual page from one encoding to another6 opts manpath (1)determine search path for manual pages9 opts mcookie (1)generate magic cookies for xauth5 opts md5sum (1)compute and check MD5 message digest12 opts mdig (1)DNS pipelined lookup utility11 opts memusage (1)profile memory usage of a program15 opts memusagestat (1)generate graphic from memory profiling data9 opts mkdir (1)make directories7 opts mkfifo (1)make FIFOs (named pipes)5 opts mknod (1)make block or character special files5 opts mktemp (1)create a temporary file or directory8 opts more (1)display the contents of a file in a terminal12 opts mountpoint (1)see if a directory or file is a mountpoint6 opts mtrace (1)interpret the malloc trace log2 opts mv (1)move (rename) files18 opts

N

namei (1)follow a pathname until a terminal point is found9 opts nano (1)Nano's ANOther text editor, inspired by Pico58 opts nc_openbsd (1)arbitrary TCP and UDP connections and listens35 opts nc.openbsd (1)arbitrary TCP and UDP connections and listens35 opts networkctl (1)Query or modify the status of network links14 opts newgrp (1)log in to a new group3 opts nice (1)run a program with modified scheduling priority3 opts nl (1)number lines of files13 opts nohup (1)run a command immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty2 opts nproc (1)print the number of processing units available4 opts nsenter (1)run program in different namespaces25 opts nseq (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts nslookup (1)query Internet name servers interactively1 opts nsupdate (1)dynamic DNS update utility26 opts numfmt (1)Convert numbers from/to human-readable strings18 opts

O

ocsp (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts od (1)dump files in octal and other formats21 opts openssl (1ssl)OpenSSL command line program11 opts openssl-asn1parse (1ssl)ASN.1 parsing command15 opts openssl-ca (1ssl)sample minimal CA application60 opts openssl-ciphers (1ssl)SSL cipher display and cipher list command14 opts openssl-cmds (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts openssl-cmp (1ssl)Certificate Management Protocol (CMP, RFCs 9810 and 9811) application125 opts openssl-cms (1ssl)CMS command77 opts openssl-crl (1ssl)CRL command26 opts openssl-crl2pkcs7 (1ssl)Create a PKCS#7 structure from a CRL and certificates11 opts openssl-dgst (1ssl)perform digest operations28 opts openssl-dhparam (1ssl)DH parameter manipulation and generation17 opts openssl-dsa (1ssl)DSA key processing20 opts openssl-dsaparam (1ssl)DSA parameter manipulation and generation16 opts openssl-ec (1ssl)EC key processing21 opts openssl-ecparam (1ssl)EC parameter manipulation and generation21 opts openssl-enc (1ssl)symmetric cipher routines39 opts openssl-engine (1ssl)load and query engines7 opts openssl-errstr (1ssl)lookup error codes1 opts openssl-fipsinstall (1ssl)perform FIPS configuration installation45 opts openssl-format-options (1ssl)OpenSSL command input and output format options3 opts openssl-gendsa (1ssl)generate a DSA private key from a set of parameters12 opts openssl-genpkey (1ssl)generate a private key or key pair20 opts openssl-genrsa (1ssl)generate an RSA private key15 opts openssl-info (1ssl)print OpenSSL built-in information10 opts openssl-kdf (1ssl)perform Key Derivation Function operations12 opts openssl-list (1ssl)list algorithms and features37 opts openssl-mac (1ssl)perform Message Authentication Code operations11 opts openssl-namedisplay-options (1ssl)Distinguished name display options openssl-nseq (1ssl)create or examine a Netscape certificate sequence8 opts openssl-ocsp (1ssl)Online Certificate Status Protocol command52 opts openssl-passphrase-options (1ssl)Pass phrase options openssl-passwd (1ssl)compute password hashes18 opts openssl-pkcs12 (1ssl)PKCS#12 file command52 opts openssl-pkcs7 (1ssl)PKCS#7 command14 opts openssl-pkcs8 (1ssl)PKCS#8 format private key conversion command22 opts openssl-pkey (1ssl)public or private key processing command23 opts openssl-pkeyparam (1ssl)public key algorithm parameter processing command11 opts openssl-pkeyutl (1ssl)asymmetric key command38 opts openssl-prime (1ssl)compute prime numbers10 opts openssl-rand (1ssl)generate pseudo-random bytes10 opts openssl-rehash (1ssl)Create symbolic links to files named by the hash values9 opts openssl-req (1ssl)PKCS#10 certificate request and certificate generating command55 opts openssl-rsa (1ssl)RSA key processing command23 opts openssl-rsautl (1ssl)RSA command22 opts openssl-s_client (1ssl)SSL/TLS client program113 opts openssl-s_server (1ssl)SSL/TLS server program122 opts openssl-s_time (1ssl)SSL/TLS performance timing program20 opts openssl-sess_id (1ssl)SSL/TLS session handling command8 opts openssl-skeyutl (1ssl)opaque symmetric keys routines9 opts openssl-smime (1ssl)S/MIME command42 opts openssl-speed (1ssl)test library performance26 opts openssl-spkac (1ssl)SPKAC printing and generating command18 opts openssl-srp (1ssl)maintain SRP password file18 opts openssl-storeutl (1ssl)STORE command20 opts openssl-ts (1ssl)Time Stamping Authority command32 opts openssl-verification-options (1ssl)generic X.509 certificate verification options41 opts openssl-verify (1ssl)certificate verification command15 opts openssl-version (1ssl)print OpenSSL version information13 opts openssl-x509 (1ssl)Certificate display and signing command78 opts

P

passwd (1)change user password17 opts passwd (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts paste (1)merge lines of files5 opts patch (1)apply a diff file to an original40 opts pathchk (1)check whether file names are valid or portable5 opts peekfd (1)peek at file descriptors of running processes6 opts pgrep (1)look up, signal, or wait for processes based on name and other attributes23 opts pidwait (1)look up, signal, or wait for processes based on name and other attributes23 opts pinky (1)lightweight finger12 opts pkcs12 (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts pkcs7 (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts pkcs8 (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts pkey (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts pkeyparam (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts pkeyutl (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts pkill (1)look up, signal, or wait for processes based on name and other attributes23 opts pldd (1)display dynamic shared objects linked into a process4 opts plocate (1)find files by name, quickly14 opts pm-gawk (1)persistent data and functions pmap (1)report memory map of a process13 opts pr (1)convert text files for printing25 opts prime (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts printenv (1)print all or part of environment3 opts printf (1)format and print data2 opts prlimit (1)get and set process resource limits23 opts prtstat (1)print statistics of a process2 opts ps (1)report a snapshot of the current processes.58 opts pslog (1)report current logs path of a process1 opts pstree (1)display a tree of processes20 opts pstree.x11 (1)display a tree of processes20 opts ptx (1)produce a permuted index of file contents18 opts pwd (1)print name of current/working directory4 opts pwdx (1)report current working directory of a process2 opts

R

rand (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts rbash (1)restricted bash, see bash(1)readlink (1)print resolved symbolic links or canonical file names9 opts realpath (1)print the resolved path11 opts rehash (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts rename.ul (1)rename files9 opts req (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts reset (1)initialize or reset terminal state12 opts rev (1)reverse lines characterwise3 opts rgrep (1)print lines that match patterns47 opts rm (1)remove files or directories12 opts rmdir (1)remove empty directories5 opts rnano (1)a restricted nano1 opts rrsync (1)a script to setup restricted rsync users via ssh logins7 opts rsa (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts rsautl (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts rsync (1)a fast, versatile, remote (and local) file-copying tool154 opts rsync-ssl (1)a helper script for connecting to an ssl rsync daemon run0 (1)Elevate privileges16 opts runcon (1)run command with specified security context7 opts runuser (1)run a command with substitute user and group ID14 opts rview (1)Vi IMproved, a programmer's text editor69 opts rvim (1)Vi IMproved, a programmer's text editor69 opts

S

s_client (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts s_server (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts s_time (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts scalar (1)A tool for managing large Git repositories3 opts scp (1)OpenSSH secure file copy14 opts screen (1)screen manager with VT100/ANSI terminal emulation40 opts sdiff (1)side-by-side merge of file differences20 opts sed (1)stream editor for filtering and transforming text15 opts seq (1)print a sequence of numbers5 opts sess_id (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts setpriv (1)run a program with different Linux privilege settings18 opts setsid (1)run a program in a new session5 opts setterm (1)set terminal attributes36 opts sftp (1)OpenSSH secure file transfer22 opts sg (1)log in to a new group3 opts sh (1)command interpreter (shell)56 opts sha1sum (1)compute and check SHA1 message digest12 opts sha224sum (1)compute and check SHA224 message digest12 opts sha256sum (1)compute and check SHA256 message digest12 opts sha384sum (1)compute and check SHA384 message digest12 opts sha512sum (1)compute and check SHA512 message digest12 opts shred (1)overwrite a file to hide its contents, and optionally delete it11 opts shuf (1)generate random permutations9 opts skill (1)send a signal or report process status14 opts slabtop (1)display kernel slab cache information in real time5 opts sleep (1)delay for a specified amount of time2 opts smime (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts snice (1)send a signal or report process status14 opts sort (1)sort lines of text files31 opts speed (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts spkac (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts split (1)split a file into pieces17 opts sprof (1)read and display shared object profiling data10 opts srp (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts ssh (1)OpenSSH remote login client31 opts ssh-add (1)adds private key identities to the OpenSSH authentication agent19 opts ssh-agent (1)OpenSSH authentication agent10 opts ssh-argv0 (1)replaces the old ssh command-name as hostname handling ssh-copy-id (1)use locally available keys to authorise logins on a remote machine9 opts ssh-keygen (1)OpenSSH authentication key utility26 opts ssh-keyscan (1)gather SSH public keys from servers7 opts stat (1)display file or file system status8 opts stdbuf (1)Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams.5 opts storeutl (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts strace (1)trace system calls and signals157 opts strace-log-merge (1)merge strace -ff -tt output1 opts stty (1)change and print terminal line settings13 opts su (1)run a command with substitute user and group ID13 opts sum (1)checksum and count the blocks in a file4 opts sync (1)Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage4 opts systemctl (1)Control the systemd system and service manager63 opts systemd (1)systemd system and service manager21 opts systemd-ac-power (1)Report whether we are connected to an external power source4 opts systemd-analyze (1)Analyze and debug system manager32 opts systemd-ask-password (1)Query the user for a system password15 opts systemd-cat (1)Connect a pipeline or program's output with the journal7 opts systemd-cgls (1)Recursively show control group contents11 opts systemd-cgtop (1)Show top control groups by their resource usage18 opts systemd-creds (1)Lists, shows, encrypts and decrypts service credentials21 opts systemd-delta (1)Find overridden configuration files5 opts systemd-detect-virt (1)Detect execution in a virtualized environment10 opts systemd-escape (1)Escape strings for usage in systemd unit names8 opts systemd-firstboot (1)Initialize basic system settings on or before the first boot-up of a system21 opts systemd-firstboot.service (1)Initialize basic system settings on or before the first boot-up of a system21 opts systemd-id128 (1)Generate and print sd-128 identifiers10 opts systemd-inhibit (1)Execute a program with an inhibition lock taken10 opts systemd-machine-id-setup (1)Initialize the machine ID in /etc/machine-id7 opts systemd-measure (1)Pre-calculate and sign expected TPM2 PCR 11 values for booted unified kernel images11 opts systemd-mount (1)Establish and destroy transient mount or auto-mount points29 opts systemd-notify (1)Notify service manager about start-up completion and other daemon status changes13 opts systemd-path (1)List and query system and user paths4 opts systemd-run (1)Run programs in transient scope units, service units, or path-, socket-, or timer-triggered service units37 opts systemd-socket-activate (1)Test socket activation of daemons9 opts systemd-ssh-proxy (1)SSH client plugin for connecting to AF_VSOCK and AF_UNIX sockets systemd-stdio-bridge (1)D-Bus proxy6 opts systemd-tty-ask-password-agent (1)List or process pending systemd password requests8 opts systemd-umount (1)Establish and destroy transient mount or auto-mount points29 opts systemd-vpick (1)Resolve paths to ".v/" versioned directories9 opts

T

tabs (1)set terminal tab stops13 opts tac (1)concatenate and print files in reverse5 opts tail (1)output the last part of files13 opts tar (1)an archiving utility155 opts tarcat (1)concatenates the pieces of a GNU tar multi-volume archive taskset (1)set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity7 opts tee (1)read from standard input and write to standard output and files6 opts tempfile (1)create a temporary file in a safe manner7 opts test (1)check file types and compare values24 opts tic (1)compile terminal descriptions for terminfo or termcap28 opts time (1)run programs and summarize system resource usage8 opts timedatectl (1)Control the system time and date12 opts timeout (1)run a command with a time limit7 opts tload (1)graphic representation of system load average4 opts tmux (1)terminal multiplexer13 opts toe (1)list table of entries of terminfo terminal types7 opts top (1)display Linux processes18 opts touch (1)change file timestamps11 opts tput (1)initialize a terminal, exercise its capabilities, or query terminfo database5 opts tr (1)translate or delete characters6 opts traceproto.db (1)print the route packets trace to network host33 opts traceroute-nanog (1)print the route packets trace to network host33 opts traceroute.db (1)print the route packets trace to network host33 opts traceroute6.db (1)print the route packets trace to network host33 opts tree (1)list contents of directories in a tree-like format.65 opts true (1)do nothing, successfully2 opts truncate (1)shrink or extend the size of a file to the specified size6 opts ts (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts tset (1)initialize or reset terminal state12 opts tsget (1ssl)Time Stamping HTTP/HTTPS client12 opts tsort (1)perform topological sort2 opts tty (1)print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input3 opts

U

uclampset (1)manipulate the utilization clamping attributes of the system or a process9 opts ul (1)do underlining4 opts uname (1)print system information11 opts uncompress (1)compress or expand files19 opts unexpand (1)convert spaces to tabs6 opts uniq (1)report or omit repeated lines13 opts unlink (1)call the unlink function to remove the specified file2 opts unshare (1)run program in new namespaces32 opts unxz (1)Compress or decompress .xz and .lzma files49 opts unzip (1)list, test and extract compressed files in a ZIP archive37 opts unzipsfx (1)self-extracting stub for prepending to ZIP archives update-alternatives (1)maintain symbolic links determining default commands23 opts uptime (1)Tell how long the system has been running.4 opts usb-devices (1)print USB device details usbreset (1)send a USB port reset to a USB device users (1)print the user names of users currently logged in to the current host2 opts

V

varlinkctl (1)Introspect with and invoke Varlink services12 opts vdir (1)list directory contents60 opts verify (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts version (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts vim (1)Vi IMproved, a programmer's text editor69 opts vimdiff (1)edit between two and eight versions of a file with Vim and show differences

W

w (1)Show who is logged on and what they are doing.10 opts watch (1)execute a program periodically, showing output fullscreen15 opts wc (1)print newline, word, and byte counts for each file9 opts wcurl (1)a simple wrapper around curl to easily download files.5 opts wget (1)The non-interactive network downloader.202 opts whatis (1)display one-line manual page descriptions13 opts whereis (1)locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command12 opts which.debianutils (1)locate a command2 opts who (1)show who is logged on18 opts whoami (1)print effective user name2 opts

X

x509 (1ssl)OpenSSL application commands1 opts xargs (1)build and execute command lines from standard input21 opts xz (1)Compress or decompress .xz and .lzma files49 opts xzcat (1)Compress or decompress .xz and .lzma files49 opts xzcmp (1)compare compressed files xzdiff (1)compare compressed files xzegrep (1)search possibly-compressed files for patterns xzfgrep (1)search possibly-compressed files for patterns xzgrep (1)search possibly-compressed files for patterns xzless (1)view xz or lzma compressed (text) files xzmore (1)view xz or lzma compressed (text) files

Y

yes (1)output a string repeatedly until killed2 opts

Z

zcat (1)compress or expand files19 opts zcmp (1)compare compressed files zdiff (1)compare compressed files zegrep (1)search possibly compressed files for a regular expression zfgrep (1)search possibly compressed files for a regular expression zforce (1)force a '.gz' extension on all gzip files zgrep (1)search possibly compressed files for a regular expression zip (1)package and compress (archive) files176 opts zipcloak (1)encrypt entries in a zipfile14 opts zipgrep (1)search files in a ZIP archive for lines matching a pattern zipinfo (1)list detailed information about a ZIP archive12 opts zipnote (1)write the comments in zipfile to stdout, edit comments and rename files in zipfile5 opts zipsplit (1)split a zipfile into smaller zipfiles10 opts zless (1)file perusal filter for crt viewing of compressed text zmore (1)file perusal filter for crt viewing of compressed text znew (1)recompress .Z files to .gz files6 opts zsoelim (1)satisfy .so requests in roff input3 opts